Costco Wholesale Corporation s Organizational Structure

Costco Wholesale Corporation’s organizational structure is based on the company’s current operation and locations as well as the market. The organization structure is the shape to connect different organizational components to address the business needs. Costco’s organizational structure active enables the management of operations in different markets. Even though Costco is the biggest membership warehouse club in America, and designed it structure for success in the management of it business in the U.S. and overseas. Costco would have to change its organizational structure within time to suit the expanding global operations. The organizational structure of Costco Wholesale Corporation mainly has a weak matrix. This type of organizational structure abstains a strong functional structure and a secondary divisional structure. In the functional structure Costco groups employee’s base on the business functions, like marketing and accounting. The secondary divisional structure base its business components on location or market. The main primary functional of Costco’s organizational structure starts at the corporate level and that affects the entire organization. The functional groups are: 1. Human Resources and Risk Management 2. Operations 3. Costco Wholesale Industries Business Development 4. Finance 5. Foods Sundries Merchandising 6. Merchandising – Fresh Foods 7. Construction 8. Information Systems 9. Legal 10. Accounting 11. E-Commerce and Publishing 12. DepotShow MoreRelatedCostco History Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pages The History of Costco Wholesale DeAna Castro Wilmington University MGT 6501 Abstract Costco is a members only, international retail chain discount warehouse Club. They combine high quality merchandise with low prices. Costco began in 1976 as Price Club and restructured in 1997 as Costco Wholesales. Costco’s passion, mission, and ethics have been the key to the leading membership warehouse retail giant to supply their customers with low prices. Their low cost business strategies andRead MoreCostco: Join the Club1936 Words   |  8 Pages1. Describe the culture at Costco. Organizational culture has been described as shared values and beliefs that underline a company’s identity. A strong culture that encourages employees from the top to the bottom in adaptation and change can increase organizational performance by energizing and motivating employees, shape behaviors, unify personnel in the goals / objectives and align employee’s actions with the priorities of the company (Daft, R., 2013). Creating a constructive culture shouldRead MoreInflation and Costco10736 Words   |  43 PagesPerspectives MISSION 1.1.  General introduction of Costco Group: 1.1.1.  An overview of Costco Group: Costco Wholesale is a global corporation trading in wholesale and retail.  This group acts as a chain store includes many members in many parts of the world, under the name Costco Wholesale.  It offers customers a firm belief expressed by the provision of a range of products with the brand has been confirmed.  With hundreds of locations worldwide, Costco provides customers more choices of goods, in additionRead MoreCostco Organizational Analysis - Spring 20133837 Words   |  16 PagesAppendix C: Organizational Analysis Costco Wholesale Corporation Introduction†¦ The purpose of this Organizational Analysis is to discuss Costco’s current mission and values, provide a snapshot of their existing overall business model and the environment they are working in, and then discuss the key success factors required to succeed in their industry. Beyond that will be an examination of what resources (tangible, intangible, and human) and capabilities (functional and value chain) are neededRead MoreCostco Due Diligence Report28823 Words   |  116 Pages____________________________________________________________ ______ COSTCO WHOLESALE DUE DILIGENCE REPORT Prepared by: Prepared for: Course: Date: April 23, 2011 ____________________________________________________________ ______ Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Industry Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 5 Corporate Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreCostco13883 Words   |  56 PagesCostco Pharmacy POM Audit Team 7 Executive Summary Design of Goods and Services- Costco can be seen to be in their maturity stages of their life. Therefore, it is recommended for Costco to expand its Pharmacy department by at least 50%. Process Design-Costco processes prescriptions and provides the prescribed drugs to customers. For each prescription, pharmacists carefully review the dosage along with other drugs you may be taking in order to prevent any chance of medications interactingRead MoreThe Relationship Between Corporate Governance And Social Responsibility2248 Words   |  9 PagesRelationship between corporate governance and social responsibility. Does a corporation have to act selflessly to be considered socially responsible?   Of equal concern is the question of corporate social responsibility, what this means and how it can be operationalized. Therefore, several industries consider that their supremacy is suitable as they conform to the joint code on corporate governance, which came into effect 2003. Several companies respect corporate supremacy as a part of investor relationshipsRead MoreThe Relationship Between Corporate Governance And Social Responsibility Essay1777 Words   |  8 Pages1. What is the relationship between corporate governance and social responsibility? Does a corporation have to act selflessly to be considered socially responsible? Use a specific example to explain your answer. Corporate Governance is focused with holding the balance between social goals and economic as well as between individual and communal goals. The framework of the corporate governance is responsible in encouraging the effective custom of resources and equally to require accountability forRead MoreThe Relationship Between Corporate Governance And Social Responsibility Essay2256 Words   |  10 Pages1. Relationship between corporate governance and social responsibility. Does a corporation have to act selflessly to be considered socially responsible? Of equal concern is the question of corporate social responsibility, what this means and how it can be operationalized. Therefore, several industries consider that their supremacy is suitable as they conform to the joint code on corporate governance, which came into effect 2003. Several companies respect corporate supremacy as a part of investorRead MoreWal Mart : An American Multinational Retail Corporation1738 Words   |  7 PagesCompany Overview Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., popularly known as Wal-Mart, is an American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. Wal-Mart has been ranked as number 1 in the list of Fortune 500 companies for 2013. (CNN money, 2013) The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, incorporated on October 31, 1969 and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, United States. It is also the largest

Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires - 1263 Words

Nathan Hevle English B1A Professor Laura Peet 7 July 2013 Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires In a world that is being overrun by advancements in technology and mass media, society finds itself willingly trapped in a digital prison where people care less and less about the world. In Ray Bradbury’s 1953 classic science fiction novel Fahrenheit 451, he describes a technological world where everyone basically lives through their televisions and other advanced devices, and is totally oblivious to anything going on in the real world. The society in this world literally burns their creativity freely and cheerfully. People talk, but they don’t say anything (60). Bradbury subliminally warns how a technological futuristic world like this is†¦show more content†¦Bradbury writes about this mechanical beast, a fusion of nature and technology. With its eight legs, it too represents one of nastiest creatures ever, a spider. Many people greatly fear spiders. They usually have a justified reason why. A spider has no soul, such as The M echanical Hound. Its only purpose is to hunt and kill. It symbolizes death. It’s a terrifying abomination of steel and needles, controlled by its own internal computer, which destroys anything its hunting. Bradbury shows that when society manipulates nature it is left with an unpleasant, vicious result that only causes death and destruction. Clarisse tells Montag, â€Å"And sometimes I like to put my head back, like this, and let the rain fall in my mouth. It tastes just like wine.† (27). Montag is skeptical, but when Clarisse leaves him, he tilts his head back and tries the rain. Montag is slowly breaking out of his prison. He’s starting to look at things differently. There’s an emptiness inside of him that he’s finally starting to realize. Bradbury mentions Clarisse walking â€Å"letting the motion of the wind and the leaves carry her forward† (15). This relates Clarisse with nature and how they are both truthful and pure. It’s not until Montag escapes from this technological world and into nature, that he becomes truly filled (108). NatureShow MoreRelatedForest Fires Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature I. Introduction- Forest Fires According to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, Wildfire means â€Å"a sweeping and destructive conflagration esp. in a wilderness or a rural area.† Also according to the same dictionary, wilderness means â€Å"a tract or region uncultivated and uninhabited by human beings.† Forest Fires happen when there is a drought because branches and twigs die and dry out creating plenty of fuel for a fire. According to the NIFC (National Interagency Fire Center) there are about 105Read MoreWhen the Mountains Burned Red: The Big Blowup Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesThink about the things you love and care about. Your home, your family, your photographs that keep the memories you hold dearly, even the things you say you hate now but know you would miss if they were gone. Like the ugly photo your wife insists stays up but you deal with it because you know she loves it. Imagine all these things being taken away without your consent, while you just watch helplessly as your memorie s just disappear. Sadly enough, this was the reality for several families living inRead More How Controlled Burns Improve Forestry Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pages Thousands upon thousands of acres are lost in forest fires every year. We always hear about the dramatic losses caused by forest fires and are often concerned by them. There are so many horrible effects from fires and most of them affect so many people. Studies have shown that out of all of the different methods to decrease fire damage, prescribed burns are the most affective. Many people would argue that they are not as affective because they cause so many health problems. AlthoughRead MoreFighting Fire With Fire Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesKyle Brinkley Mrs. Gallos English 3 Honors 27 March 2017 Fighting Fire With Fire Many people have heard the phrase â€Å"fight fire with fire†, but what most people do not realize is that this is one of the most practical and efficient ways to prevent and stop wild fires. Wildfires are naturally occurring events that will happen despite any effort to prevent them. The thing people can do is reduce the severity and amount of wildfires by many different tactics. There are organizations all over the worldRead MoreThe Value Of Taking Responsibility Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagescampaigns were instated to prevent forest fires. It was believed that forest fires would greatly damage the timber industry due to the loss of trees the forests would suffer as a result. The longer these campaigns persisted, the worse the forest fire breakouts became, and the forests continued to degrade. Many animals were also displaced and threatened as a result of these intense fires. Eventually forestry researchers and conservationists started looking at what fires did to the var ious ecosystemsRead MoreForest Fires And Its Effects On The Environment1126 Words   |  5 Pagespreventing forest fires. Smokey Bear teaches children and adults to prevent forest fires by properly extinguishing campfires. This is a good message to learn, but it also leads people to believe that all forest fires are a bad thing. In many places fire is a naturally occurring phenomenon that is beneficial to the environment. Because of population growth and the Smokey Bear stop forest fires campaign, fire has been suppressed in much of the country. By suppressing naturally occurring wild fires, we areRead MoreStopping Plant Junipers, Some Pines, And Evergreens1669 Words   |  7 Pageseverywhere. There are many ways to prepare for a wildfire. The U.S. Forest Service shares useful tips on how to maintain and prepare the home from wildfire. Removing highly flammable shrubs like junipers from around the foundations of the house and outbuildings help to eliminate fire risk. Choosing â€Å"fire-resistive† plant materials to utilize in sections or islands throughout the yard help to break up the fuels that could potentially feed a fire. Surrounding islands with nonflammable retaining walls and well-wateredRead More Opposition to Prescribed Burns Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesOpposition to Prescribed Burns Forest fires kill many animals and usually destroy a large amount of land. Prescribed burns seem like they would be the best idea, but are they? Their claim to fame is to clear out land in order to decrease the burning space for when an actual forest fire occurs. Yet this may seem like a brilliant idea, but one must look at the negative aspects of controlled burnings. People might have a change of heart when they realize the damages and effectsRead MoreDeforestation And Environment1402 Words   |  6 Pages Deforestation is an increasing global crisis and is mainly caused by human actions. Forests cover approximately 31% of the area on the planet (Deforestation, n.d.). Deforestation is the destruction of a wide area of forest land into a cleared land that is used for a variety of reasons. The impact on the environment from cutting down, burning and damaging forests is very detrimental and there are severe consequences for the environment and future generations due to deforestation. According to theRead MoreDeforestation And Environment1125 Words   |  5 Pageson the environment from cutting down, burning and damaging forests is very detrimental and there will be severe consequences for the environment and future generations because of deforestation and approximately  7.3 million hectares of forests are being destroyed per year in the world. (citation)   In this essay, I will explore the impact that deforestation on the environment and I will also look at the actions that are being taken to prevent deforestation. There are various reasons why deforestation

The Nigerian Foreign Exchange Market free essay sample

The Nigerian foreign exchange market; rate determination; control and prospects for Naira convertibility Good morning members of the high table, my colleagues in the industry and all other distinguished guests. It is my greatest pleasure to present this paper at the Foreign Exchange seminar organized by the Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria. I hope I am able to shed light on this extremely challenging topic. Definition: The foreign exchange market can be defined as the collective activity of exchanging currencies i. e. here currencies are bought and sold. The price for the currency is known as the exchange rate. This is one unique market that is not located anywhere but exists on electronic platforms – telephones, telex, internet and other electronic gadgets. The reality of today is that most convertible currencies offer a 24-hour access for market participants. This unique feature has brought with it significant depth in the market. The Nigerian foreign exchange marke t: The Nigerian foreign currency market is to a large extent a part of the global Fx market. However, it is still in the infancy stage in terms of development and does not offer a 24-hour access to the trading of its local currency. To appreciate the Nigerian forex market it is pertinent to highlight its make up. In carrying out this analysis the market can be divided into two major categories; †¢ The official market †¢ The unofficial market These markets have unique features, which therefore dictate the profiles of its participants. The official market, as the name connotes, is the officially recognized market by the regulatory authorities. The market allows the sale of foreign currency for transactions that are eligible and allowed by the Central Bank of Nigeria (Federal Government of Nigeria). Such eligible transactions must be supported by all specified documents. This market is further broken down into two categories, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) market the Autonomous market. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) market: The market is peculiar in that it handles over 75% of the total volume of foreign currency sold in Nigeria (excluding inter-bank). The market is also used to manage the foreign exchange rate in the economy. The system currently adopted to sell foreign currency in the CBN market is the Dutch Auction System. I have used currently because the CBN has adopted a variety of distribution methods over the years. The CBN rate sets the direction for the market. Its rate is usually the lowest in all the foreign currency markets. The Autonomous market: This market comprises all other players in the official market other than the CBN. They are; ? The export proceeds market: This is the generic name for all foreign currency inflows outside of the CBN i. e. roceeds from exports, oil companies, government parastatals, individuals etc. The market supports the settlement required in the inter-bank market and settlements of capital accounts’ transactions that are not eligible for CBN funds though valid transactions. ? The inter-bank market: This market came into existence in September 1986 when the CBN allowed banks to trade foreign exchange amongst themselves (as is done internationally). The stan dard of trading in the market is â€Å"two-way quote† i. e. a quoting bank always gives its binding buying and selling rates to a calling bank. There is heavy documentation and reporting requirement on the buy and sell sides in the export proceeds and inter-bank markets. In some instances volume limits are imposed. ? The Bureau-de-change: These are small outfits licensed by the CBN to handle retail cash transactions. Recently some of their members were licensed to process funds required for travel purposes i. e. Business Travel Allowance (BTA)/Personal Travel Allowance (PTA). The unofficial market warehouses all FX utilisation that are not eligible, i. e. not allowed by the CBN, and all sales of foreign exchange that are not reportable to the CBN. This market can be divided into; the free-funds market and the street market. The Free-funds market is also known as the Transfer or Convertible market: This market has been promoted by the strict controls that exist in the official market and the transparency issue on duties. It has been said that this market provides support for the management of the duty applied on goods imported. The forex for all prohibited goods brought into the country may also have this market as its source. It is a widely held opinion that the substantial part of the supply to this market is â€Å"sterilized† official funds. Most foreign exchange earners (with low corporate/individual compliance commitments) supply funds to this market because of its higher rates i. e. premium over the official sources and confidentiality. The premium that obtains here is primarily due to the absence of documentation. The Cash/Travelers’ cheque (TC) market: This is the easiest of the markets to access. It commands the highest premium due to the speed and guarantee of delivery offered. The cash market is the street market mostly found around the international airports, hotels and major markets. (In Lagos – Tejuosho, Akerele, Ikeja) Rate determination in the Nigerian forex market As with other markets the interplay of demand and supply dictate the price. Demand supply: This simply says the higher the demand (over supply) the higher the price. If the demand for dollar increases significantly relative to its supply, more Naira will be required to purchase a single unit of dollars. However behind the demand and supply are a group of factors: Fundamental, Institutional and Technical. The fundamentals: By this I mean factors concerned with the economic financial condition of the country i. e. alance of payment (bop), interest rates and inflation rates, leading and lagging indicators, economic growth, fiscal deficits and the money supply, market expectation and economic ideology. Institutional factors constitute the policy framework surrounding a particular currency. Examples are exchange parities under Bretton Woods, European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). Technical factors are the studies of the dynamics of market trends once they are under way, rather than with the supply and demand factors, which cause them. The study of how the market moves rather than why it moves. Search for psychological â€Å"resistance† and â€Å"support† levels in currency prices. The short-term scope of the foreign exchange market gives greater relevance to technical analysis over fundamental analysis. The Nigerian market is however rudimentary. Rate determination is not driven by institutional or technical factors. The fundamental factors have more relevance. The fragmentation of the market makes it difficult to have a unified rate for Naira against foreign currency (most importantly $/N). In the Nigeria therefore fx rates are determined in various ways depending on the market; The CBN market: As earlier mentioned the process adopted in this market is the Dutch Auction System (DAS). This is a system whereby a specific amount of foreign currency is offered for sale. The allotment of the currency begins with the highest bid rate received until the total amount offered is fully exhausted. The rate at which the last amount is taken up is the marginal rate or the CBN rate on the day in question. The customer determines the rate at which to bid for the funds required, however this is often informed by the volume on offer by the CBN, the demand at the previous bid and other fundamentals. This rate sets the pace for the market. And the actions of the CBN in its market affect the autonomous market, which is a very thin market – increase or decrease in supply will cause large movements in price. The export proceeds market: Most of the suppliers of funds within this market (especially the oil companies) also adopt the Dutch Auction System. They invite banks to bid for their funds. In this case, the bank is the one quoting and not the corporate customers/individuals. Prices quoted by banks are determined by the inter-bank market levels and the sentiments the inter-bank dealers hold. The inter-bank market: The money market standard for its members is the two-way quoting system. This is seen as the most professional market. Rates reflect the sentiments of the quoting banks and the market is akin to the standard of the international markets. It was introduced in Nigeria in 1997 and despite the numerous setbacks it has suffered it is still acknowledged as the best model of pricing. The position taking activities and predatory elements of the banks are basis of the flavour in this market. The market is ruled by fundamentals and the interpretation of news. The unofficial market: Rates are determined by forces of demand and supply with an underlay of fundamentals, government actions and regulatory policies. Control in the Nigerian forex market: I have taken the liberty to restrict the discussion on the controls in the market to sovereign and regulatory. This is informed by the next topic, which is convertibility. As a background therefore, we shall examine the exchange controls in the market. Sovereign control: The Federal Government of Nigeria has the final authority on foreign exchange management in the country. Until 1995, the country operated under the 1962 Exchange Control Act. In 1995, the market was partially deregulated with the Foreign Exchange and Miscellaneous decree. Some of us here will remember the statement of the then Finance Minister, Chief A. A. Ani when he presented the 1995 budget statement. Chief Ani is quoted inter alia â€Å"Bring N85 million and I will sell to you $1 million, (any amount of dollars as long as the exchange rate is at $/N85) even for BTA! †. BTA required only an airline ticket to travel abroad (Cotonou inclusive!! ) and a visa (in the case of Cotonou there was no need for a visa! ) Nigerians bought tickets and asked for dollars.

Video Analysis E.L.Hayes

Learning is constant process that pools together environmental, cognitive as well as emotional influences including experiences of attaining, boosting, or modifying ones understanding,skills,ideals as well as the world views. Therefore, learning as a procedure focuses on what occurs when the learning is taking place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Video Analysis: E.L.Hayes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the behaviorist prospective, all processes relate to learning – thinking, acting, and feeling – are presented as a set of behaviors. Therefore, behaviorism defined learning as a method to teach children any type of activities by means of drilling and practicing. Using behaviorist model of teaching and outlining lessons involves a response paradigm to be followed both by a teacher and by a student. In other words, the main task of the teach consists in clear exposition of lesson objectives tha t would help students understand what needs to be done and help teacher track the changes and the course of accomplishing those objectives. On the one hand, such an approach seems to be effective because teacher can follow the lesson plan directly and expect the behaviors with regard to the identified objectives. On the other hand, these behaviors may end up causing the concerned child to lack stable interaction with others. Certainly, dealing with behaviors is a great challenge as far as culturally diverse group of students is concerned. Teacher should find an approach that would be consonant with a plethora of nuances linked to the problem of learning levels and cultural peculiarities. The teacher should establish contact with all students to understand the gap that should be fulfilled. This is, perhaps, the major constraint faced by educators while resorting to behaviorist theories. Theory Application In the video, the teacher strictly establishes the traditional curriculum and t he steps to be taken to accomplish the plan effectively. In particular, he describes in detail the essence of the reading activities and tries to identify the importance of reading. He clearly outlines what students will have to accomplish during their summer vocations and explains the steps in practice. First of all, he highlights the three steps to be done for successful reading. These steps include reading a paragraph from a non-fiction article, retelling the passage that has just been read, and rereading the paragraph one again if the information is difficult to perceive while reading for the first time (â€Å"E.L. Hayes – The 5th Grade, DC,† n. d.).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the teacher described the steps, he proceeds to practicing and drilling the outlined activities in order to track the way students understand those steps.  Secondly, apart from clea r instructions and careful lesson planning, a behaviorist approach also implies the evaluation of students’ response to the presented plan. This can be explicitly viewed on the video where the teacher details the steps into more meaningful sub-units to understand what problems might occur as students read an article and analyze it. In other words, a behavioral model does not just set the rules making a student to observe them. Rather, it is a mutual agreement between a teacher and a student where the former establishes specific behaviors to receive positive reinforcement. Hence, before students start accomplishing the assignment, the teacher gives an explicit example of how the reading process should be organized. He reads the article, starts retelling the paragraph, identifies the problems he has with understanding the passages, and reads the text ones again to find an answer the question (â€Å"E.L. Hayes – The 5th Grade, DC,† n. d. ). In such a way, the teach er intends to promote intrinsic reinforcement (Ormrod, 2011, p. 417). With regard to the approaches used by the teacher, it should be stressed that some of the methods applied align to the established patterns and modes of behaviorism. Most of the presented stages are oriented on introducing new thinking and acting behavior that were first shown by the teacher. Specifically, the first strategy used by the teacher align with the concepts of traditional planning of the curriculum where the primary goal is to identify objectives and explain students what they are expected to do (Ormrod, 2011, p. 386). This is particularly connected with operant conditioning, meaning that the teacher modifies his behavior to associate with the incentive. Second, scaffolding the delivered material is aimed at reinforcing the students’ responsiveness and triggering their reactions to the identified steps. This stage of teaching is congruent with behaviorism as well because it aims to provoke studen t attention and trigger them to perform the previously identified and shown behaviors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Video Analysis: E.L.Hayes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the whole, the video content offers a candid insight into the manner a lesson plan can be effectively executed. In regard to the dynamics of direct instructions the content can be equally be presented differently by including continuous probing which embraces the aspects of testing as well as assessing the student using suitable corrective responses. Therefore, the content can be re-taught through engaging the students in more complex issues gradually. Thus, this would entail establishing that; the objectives are clear, time allocated is adequate, the content examined is broad, the teacher controls and balances the usage of instructional materials, and that the questions fielded are at a less cognitive level which would provide countl ess positive responses. Lesson Redesign The above-outlined strategies refer to the concept that teaching ought to be presented in organized learning. Specifically, the teacher makes use of operant conditioning and intrinsic reinforcement of students’ behavior. In this respect, the content of the proposed lesson plan will also be based on this approaches that contribute to better identification of goals and recognition of stimulus to learn and practice a specific activity (Ormrod, 2011). The purpose of this can be attributed to the scope of aiding the students to learn how to illustrate the mastery of the presented subject before embarking on the other subject. Therefore, if students fail to understand or comprehend the presented subject, under this strategy the proposed strategies will help understand how the lessons plan can be improved in terms of peer monitoring, unit group discussions, tutoring including additional homework. This would thus entail providing extra time to those students who require extra coaching.  After re-planning the lessons, it will be possible to provide with unit’s materials which are designed for group or individual use. It ought to be noted that mastery approach in regard to behavioral strategies allows the students to be given the apposite circumstances for learning. Thus, each student is expected to apply to the behaviors that were initially shown by the teacher.  Assessing the students would entail gauging the manner they react to the specific questions as well as the materials assigned to them. This can be linked to the fact that the mastery strategy provides the students with an opportunity to learn and interact through collective tutoring. Therefore, in such a situation evaluating each student would be easier and more moderated.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion By re-teaching, the video content as per the above mentioned behavioral strategies the apparent aspects that are linked to behavioral theory. This can be testified by the manner these strategies have been executed to integrate diverse behavioral features. I t should be noted that in the course of lesson planning as well as operant condition and reinforcement teaching strategies seem to be a crucial tool for advancing the thinking skills for students. Perhaps this is due to the fact that it allows the teacher-student relationship to develop. Therefore, examining the diverse behavioral concepts and assumptions, it would be instrumental to argue that the video provides a considerable insight into diverse Elaborations theory and Instructional transaction theories essential in lesson planning including class planning. This can be supported by the fact that each strategy provides diverse aspects of course modularity, which includes definitions and objectives of all modules. Als o, the explored strategies illustrate that individual learning speed or tempo is essential and ought to be considered when planning for a lesson. Therefore, the teacher is expected to be patient and considerate when executing his lesson plans in regard to the above mentioned strategies. It should be noted each student has his or her unique requirement and behavioral attitudes which require careful approach and considerations. Therefore, all these ought to be considered as is illustrated in the video â€Å"E.L. Haynes – The 5th Grade, DC† to understand how behaviors are associated with learning techniques and knowledge acquisition. References E.L. Haynes – The 5th Grade, DC. (n.d.) Web. Ormrod, J. E. (2011). Educational Psychology. (7th Ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. This essay on Video Analysis: E.L.Hayes was written and submitted by user Eliseo Waters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Baby Boomers

Baby Boomers No generational group is quite like that of the Baby Boomers. Seventy- eight million people belong to this unique, history-making bunch. To better understand how the Baby Boomers have impacted society, it is necessary to explore the defining events and moments, in addition to the distinct characteristics, that have set them apart from the rest.Baby Boomers have learned to persevere through struggle. Born in the prosperous post World War II period, this group has faced many obstacles on its own. With the passing of the G.I. Bill in 1944, record numbers of Baby Boomers were able to attend college and earn a degree. Many were impacted by the Vietnam War and draft protests (Wikipedia). In the midst of the war on foreign soil, Baby Boomers ignited reform and social change back home. They were the activists in both the monumental Civil Rights Movement as well as the Women's Liberation Movement (Hanks).English: The Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library in...These formative years for the group were also shaped by the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Many of the Baby Boomers witnessed the unfolding of various political scandals, most notably Watergate; this challenged their views on political leadership.Baby Boomers, born between 1946 and 1964, have used their past experiences to make a lasting impression on society. This generational group forms the most populous group and is usually divided into two groups. The Younger Boomers, aged 42-50, and Older Boomers, aged 52-60. Baby Boomers are leaders at heart. Whether it be in the political, academic, industrial, or cultural spectrum, this generational group commands respect (Wikipedia). Many high-profile people such as President George W. Bush, Steven Spielberg, and Bill Gates are among the Baby Boomer generation.Baby Boomers have a zest for life and do not mind taking full advantage...

How To Update All Social Networks At Once With CoSchedule

How To Update All Social Networks At Once With Does this sound like your experience with social media management so far? Youve been logging in and out of multiple social media accounts. Youve been posting the same message on all of them (and trying to do it all at the same time). And youve been getting mediocre engagement despite tons of effort. But you know there  has to be a better way. Right? After all, that process ^ isnt very sustainable or efficient. Youre looking for: An efficient + effective way to manage all of your social networks in one place because getting organized makes you feel (and look) like a marketing rock star. And that way needs to help  you not only update all social networks at once, but help you post well beyond now to build engagement consistently with an easy process (and without the constant hassle youre working through now). So lets explore the best way to find your app that can manage and update all your social networks in one place, shall we? How To Update All Social Networks At Once (+ Organize *Every* Account)1. Pick Your Social Networks + Accounts You may already post to several social networks. Thats great! This step is about building  a social media accounts list to help you understand what youre doing well now, while also understanding the social media engagement opportunities youre not currently taking advantage of. Depending on your company, you likely have both business accounts and personal accounts. Heres an overview of the accounts you could manage with an  all-in-one-social media app: Consider this a checklist for you to explore: Could any of these options present an opportunity for you to better reach your audience? Business Social Media Accounts: [ ] Instagram account [ ] Facebook page [ ] Facebook groups [ ] LinkedIn company profile [ ] Twitter handles [ ] Pinterest profile [ ] Google+ page Personal Social Media Accounts: [ ] Instagram account [ ] Facebook profile [ ] Facebook group [ ] LinkedIn profile [ ] Twitter handles [ ] Tumblr blog [ ] Pinterest profile The point of looking into your social media accounts list is to strategically choose  the networks and accounts you can easily manage in an all-in-one social media app. It turns out, is an app that posts to all social media. As a social media marketing calendar, helps you not only update all social media in one place, it enables you to update all social networks at once (and long after posting just  right now). As you use that checklist to decide what networks and accounts youd like to manage, just keep in mind that you can easily organize your posting process for all of them with . :) Easily organize your posting process for every social network with .2. Manage Social Networks In One Place Now that you know what accounts youd like to manage, its time to choose your app  to manage multiple social networks in one place. For the sake of example, lets say youve chosen as your social media calendar. You made a good choice! ;) Its time to integrate  your social media accounts into the one tool. Dont worry, its a simple process: Log in to the social network + account youd like to manage with . Cruise over to your Settings in and select Social Profiles. Connect your  social account as a Public Social Profile (so your team can manage the messages for the account) or Personal Social Profile (so only you see the messages for your account). ^ Its seriously that easy. 3. Write Messages For Each Social Media Account When you update all social networks at once, youre posting to  multiple accounts at the same time. This practice can be particularly useful  when you share brand new content like blog posts, webinar landing pages, or have a strategic announcement from your brand. In these instances, its a best practice to change up your message for each account. This helps you optimize your messaging for the different networks while keeping the folks who follow you on multiple social networks happy + engaged. This way, you dont come off as blasting one message across all of your social networks (which comes off as a lazy social media engagement play). So whats the best way to do this? Start by writing one message for each specific account, optimizing your message for the specific network: Then, create + optimize a visual (image, graphic, GIF, or video) for each of your messages for the specific networks: You can use the Social Templates  + Helpers features to easily organize the message creation and scheduling process in . First,  start a new Social Template. A Social Template helps you create a posting schedule for all of your accounts that you can easily reuse  over and over again to easily schedule dozens of social media messages in a matter of minutes. From here, you will create Social Helpers, then add those Social Helpers into a posting schedule template. There are Social Helpers for text, images, and videos. Start by naming your Social Helpers after the specific social media accounts they will match up with. Remember, youre building a reusable template at this point, so you can think of this like building form fields you will later fill in with the actual message creative for a specific campaign. Once youve added a text helper and image/video helper for each of your accounts, you can then build those as a posting schedule template. Save that  Social Template, and then apply it in a piece of content, blog post, or social campaign on your social media calendar. Now you can fill in the creative for each social media message for your specific accounts once, apply your Social Template, and know your messages will send when you publish your content. You can see in this example that  youll update all of your social media accounts at once, complete with unique messages optimized to increase engagement on  every network. 4. Schedule All Social Networks In One Place When you update all social networks at once, its still possible that your followers who werent online at that specific time wont see your messages. Thats why its common for marketers to schedule messages and  post to all social media long after the initial campaign. When youve written multiple messages to post to all social media, its efficient to reuse your hard work as part of a social media schedule to share your message a week, two weeks, a month, and sometimes even longer well after you post your first messages. ^ There are two great ways to reuse your messages efficiently with . Did you know you can reuse social messages efficiently with @?Way #1: Automate  Your Evergreen Social Media Messages After you post your social media messages, will show you the messages that get the most engagement. These are great opportunities to add to ReQueue, the most intelligent way to  fill in the gaps in your social media posting schedule. Simply toggle the messages that have already gotten lots of engagement. Choose your ReQueue group. And forget about it. ReQueue will smartly share that social media message again at the best time for engagement. Way #2: Add More Messages Into Your Social Template You already created a Social Template that updates all of your social accounts  at once, complete with messages optimized perfectly for engagement on each specific network. You can easily add more messages into your Social Template to continue to spread the word long after your initial update. How Will You Organize Your Social Media Updates? helps you manage multiple social media accounts and organize posting schedules as campaigns. It helps you collaborate efficiently as a team while boosting your effectiveness from your social media strategy. Check it out! Get started today with your 14-day free trial of the #1 best-selling social media marketing calendar in the world.

Japanese Noh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Japanese Noh - Essay Example Japanese Noh is a significant class of classical Japanese theater, it is a drama combined with musical effects used to depict certain social issues and ethical considerations. The concept holds its roots deep in Japanese culture since 14th century. In these dramas, the characters use masks of different types to emphasize on the characters of theme of drama. Moreover, men act and play their parts as male and female both. The repertory usually limits to a particular number of plays, mostly historical in nature. The duration of the drama is usually long enough to play all day long. During the intervals, for the sake of inducing freshness and maintaining the life in drama, Japanese Noh utilizes a number of short and humorous skits as a break from the original theme. A very significant characteristic of Japanese Noh is the nature of the topics selected as the theme for drama. The choice of the topic is more towards history and the selected topics are more or less of the same kind, pertaining to classical Japanese traditions. The themes of Japanese Noh emphasizes more on the same old cultural, traditional, and historical aspects rather than utilization of some new, fresh, and innovative approaches for the drama. However, some groups have showed development in this regard. They have done plays and dramas on new topics that were never a part of Japanese Noh before. Moreover, as an innovative break from the past, these groups have revived certain historical events as well. Fans of cultural diversity has intermixed Japanese Noh with other traditional and cultural plays as well.

Jean Racine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Jean Racine - Essay Example An interesting case in this point can be round in Racine's preface to Phedre. The seventeenth-century reader would likely have been surprised to find there no mention of pardon, whose parasitic rival version of the same story set off an unusually venomous battle. (Bold, 2001) According to Bold "Racine's own creation is modestly represented, as a carefully charted divergence from the Eurpidean 'Route' to which Racine remains richly indebted, serving 'Phedre' as an exemplary character". "The litotes of this opening, which might be read as a ritual gesture of authorial self-effacement, conceals in fact a far more complex irony in as much as it erases more than we at first think more, that is, than the simple vanity of a purely original creation, an inventio ex nihilo. One is, upon reflection, struck by a number of things in this apparently modest statement. This is certainly one of the very few places where one can find the character of Phedre described, at whatever level, as reasonable. It has also been fairly argued that Euripides's tragedy Hippolytus given the play's title and the stepmother's early guilt-ridden suicide is not really about Phedre anyway. More importantly, as it implies only a difference between the Latin and the French versions, Racine's dismissive reference identifies the Senecan text as the site of corruption and consequently, as an alibi for his own text's purer origins". (Bold, 2001) 'Phedre' the entire play revolves around the concept of 'monster'. To how much the statement is true can be determined from the fact that 'Phedre' represents the corruption and evil enriched in the social attitude of French culture of the then seventeenth century. Racine wanted the society to confront to the social dilemmas so it seems as if he has shown the French society, a mirror so that they might acknowledge their reality in the form of corruption and vulgarity. The main monster according to my perception is the evil that resides deep within a human, now it depends upon the person as to whether he feeds and nourishes that evil so that the evil grows up to become a 'monster' or he remains callous towards the evil, so that eventually he is alleviated. Let us see and examine every central character of 'Phedre' in the light of 'monstrous' appeal. 'Hippolytus' in other monsters Though Hippolytus is unmonstrous as compared to other characters in 'Phedre', but he fails to succeed through the rein of monstrous characters. One reason might be the strength of his inner self and conscience, which escorted him to remain aloof from participating in the devilish works of 'Phedre'. His reason for being morally ethical is the true love of 'Aricia', which lead him towards the light instead of thrusting into the darkness of horror which otherwise would have transformed him into the monster. He is the only character perceived to be 'human' as he knows the morals of relations, and unlike other characters in 'Phedre' he has trained his ego towards goodness and moral values. The reason for other

OSI Model Essay Example for Free

OSI Model Essay This research paper provides information on using ASP for ERP hosting. The paper is divided into four major areas. The first area defines and briefly describes the term of The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. The second area defines and briefly describes the term of Application Service Provider (ASP). The third area provides information on how ERP can be used through ASP. This area mentions architecture, implementation, and benefits from using ERP through an ASP. The last area shows an example of an organization that has successfully implemented ERP system through ASP. Introduction Everyone has a door in their house which is usually locked. You cannot open the door without the right key. Have you ever seen a sign in a store that says â€Å"employees only†? In these two cases, the locked door and the sign on the door are like protection for your space, and it also shows who is allowed to go through the door and who is not. That is kind of what a firewall is. This paper will show you what a firewall really is in the computer domain, how it works and the different types of firewalls that exist. Definition As defined on the internet, â€Å"a firewall is an integrated collection of security measures designed to prevent unauthorized electronic access to a networked computer system. It is also a device or set of devices configured to permit, deny, encrypt, decrypt, or proxy all computer traffic between different security domains based upon a set of rules and other criteria†. It is just like a wall which is usually made out of water, cement and other constituents that can stop somebody from going onto the other side or a better analogy would be a net that can let water through as an authorized item and is able to stop everything else such as fish and other sea animals. History of firewalls The term â€Å"firewall† originally meant a wall to confine a fire or potential fire within a building. The firewall technology itself emerged in 1980 while the internet was still a new technology; and as the internet technology internet was growing, the firewall technology started growing along with it. Why a firewall? Think of this. Did your dad ever tell you where he kept all his money? May be he did, and you probably heard him saying or talking about a bank account too. He knows that his money is safe when it is in the bank and he can get to it anytime he wants and money cannot be taken out of his account unless he has authorized the transfers. The same way, a computer system needs protection so that the important data it contains will not be destroyed by an unauthorized person and also ensures that it will work properly. But, to really understand the importance of the firewalls, you should first know the main functions surrounding your computer. In other words, what can you use your computer for? You can use your computer to save important files in its memory(which is a kind of an electronic space where you can store data) or communicate with someone else through the internet or create documents. With all the tools gathered, your computer should be able to function properly and do all those tasks for you. Unfortunately, there are some people out there that for one reason or another, are trying every day to steal the data on your computer or make it work improperly. And, this is the reason you need a firewall; the same reason the security guard stands in from of the bank to protect the bank against robbery. Types of Firewall Firewalls can be categorized into three basic types. Packet filters Application Gateways / Proxy Stateful Inspection Packet filters This type of firewall will perform its action by inspecting everything from the internet before it gets into your computer. Now, in your house, think of packet filter firewall as a security guard. Your dad or your mom have their rules and always tell you what to do; you have to do your home work, you have to go to bed at 9pm, you have to eat vegetables or else, no dessert for you, and so on. However, they love you so much that they hire a security guard to protect you 24/7, and he will never go anywhere. Your parents also ask a security guard not to let anyone get into the house without their permission. To do so, a security guard is given a list of people who can and cannot enter the house, this list called Access Control Lists (ACLs). Application Gateways / Proxy You parents realize that one security guard is not enough, and they want to ensure that the house is a safe place for you. Your parents call the security guard company and hire more security guards. The company suggests your parents choose its best system available called Application Gateways, also called Proxy. Your parent accepted the offer; a big gate with the security room is built in front of your house in no time. Everyone who wants to get into the house will have to go through this security room and has his Identification (ID) checked. This ID can verify who he is, where he comes from, and what business he has at your house. If an ID is valid, a person will be searched to see if he carries weapons. By doing so, you can now be sure that you are safer than ever before. Stateful Inspection There is another type of body guard called Stateful Inspection. Not only will he follow Access Control Lists (ACLs) as mentioned before, but he also takes a picture of visitors to keep on record. The next time this visitor comes, he will be recognized by the picture on his file. . How the Firewall works? The major job of a firewall is to keep anything in your computer secured. It works like a traffic light. If you are driving a car or riding a bike, you start to slow down at traffic lights and come to a complete stop if the light is red. Red lights mean you are not allowed to cross, and if it is green then you are good to go. Firewalls stand in the middle between the system and the internet. It stops or alerts you if you have anyone trying to invade your personal computer space. A firewall is like a security guard standing in front of a bar checking for IDs because you have to be twenty-one years-old in order to get into the bar. A firewall stands between two networks, and the network is just like a bar. Outside a bar is a place where everybody can sit or stand regardless of how old they are. Similarly, outside the network is where all the traffic flows, bad or good. However, inside the bar are the customers who are of legal age. Compare this to your personal computer network that is not for everyone; it is only for the traffic that you want to be in your computer. The traffic has to meet certain criteria so that firewalls can allow them into your computer. Those who meet the criteria are let in by the firewall and those who do not meet the criteria are kept out. If bad traffic is enters your computer illegally, it rings a bell to let you know that something has entered inside without your knowledge. Firewall layers A firewall is working on the third of the seven layers of OSI Model. It is a network layer. This is where the traffic passes into the network. OSI stand for Open System Interconnection and it is defined as a networking structure which is responsible for implementation of the traffic within the seven layers. To clarify the function of the seven layers in the OSI Model, let us replace OSI with a house that has seven rooms: three small bedrooms for kids, a family room, a room for the family library, and two bathrooms, one for a shower and other for a toilet. These rooms each have a different use. For example, someone living in that house cannot use the shower room for a toilet. He/she has to go to the toilet room because the shower room is designed for showers only. Each of these bedrooms has its own duty too. The same thing is true of the seven layers of the OSI model. Each layer has its own duty to perform. The master room is for mom and dad to sleep. Kids are not allowed to sleep in mom and dad`s room because the function of that room is only for dad and mom to sleep. OSI layer seven`s function is to give the last computer’s user a service; an example would be giving an email account to a certain user. Conclusion In conclusion, we will say that the firewall technology is widely used in the world of technology today. Firewalls appear sometimes as one component or as a combination of components that are really sophisticated in order to meet the requirements and to protect the user against the continuing threats from the internet world.

The Character of the Inspector in An Inspector Calls :: An Inspector Calls

Analyse the character of the Inspector in An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley. Discuss his: * Role in the play * Effect on the other characters * Stage presence When the Inspector first knocks on the front door, it is dramatic irony because Arthur just said a matter of seconds before of how he ‘might get a knighthood if we don’t get into any sort of trouble’. This is a very significant time of entering, similar to knocking over a tower of Jenga – everything one has hoped for has just evaporated into thin air. As an audience we expect something very important, an altered atmosphere in the play from this moment forward. The Birling’s smug satisfaction is put on hold. It abruptly comes to a halt. Edna comes into the Dining room and says to Mr. Birling, â€Å"Please, Sir, an Inspector’s called†. The Inspector, at first appears to the audience to be a police officer. He said he had recently moved to Brumley; the family find out he is a fake when Arthur rings the police station at the end of the play. This news is even more disturbing than the questioning that takes place throughout the play, because they realised that the Inpsector had deceived them all. They had been had! But on the other hand, was the purpose of the visit fulfilled? I think the purpose of his visit was to show the family that their lives and what they do during their life is far more influential than they realise, either positively or negatively. Had they helped Eva Smith, her life may not have been lost, but in fact, the Inspector’s intention was to help them see where they went wrong and secure them on the right pathif they were willing to respond. He wanted to aid them in their understanding that in life there are huge decisions and choices to make which, if are chosen wrongly, can have devastating effects, not only for them but for other people . The reason the Police Inspector arrived here at the Birling household was to investigate a suicide. He seemed to already know everything that the family told him of the questions he was asking. It was as though he had been watching them for the past 10 or so years and knew everything that had gone on. It appears innocent, just routine innocuous questioning. On one level, J.B. Priestley is using the Inspector’s character to solve what seems to be a police inquiry, investigating a suicide. On a deeper level, Priestley is using the Inspector to help the family see where they can take greater responsibility in society; he is helping

Positive Influence on Kids

Rhetorical Analysis Being a high school and college athlete, I have gained a lot of skills both physically and mentally. I have learned how to work with different personalities and learned how to adapt to them. Also, I have learned how to cope with winning and losing. I honestly believe that playing sports shaped me into the person I am today. I have great leadership skills, I interact well with others, I adapt well with new people and I do not give up on anything that I do.In his New York times editorial † Sports Teaches Kids Valuable Lessons,† Keener notes that while striving to win (on an organized ports team), children learn about teamwork and sportsmanship, two keys that can contribute to developing into a solid citizen. In sports, there is a bigger picture than just merely winning and losing. Once you have learned how to stay grounded and humble when you win, or even learning from a terrible loss, I believe you have overall gained a lifetime skill. Some play sports Just for the fun, while other play for the competitiveness of the game.Personally, I play for both reasons. Keener's argument is stating that these skills of teamwork, and sportsmanship may be acquired though ifferent realms other than sports, but they are enhanced through sports. He feels that they help children learn when the right time is to express those characteristics. Playing sports is a learning experience, you learn how to interact with different people, learn how to cope with losing, and learn how to persevere. In the editorial, Keener expresses that athletics build character and discipline, as well as teamwork and hard work.An organized sports team with members cooperating with one another to achieve a common goal, sport participation is a good way of further instilling the important principles of teamwork in a group. If one person does not do their part the whole team can and will suffer. If one individual dominates then the performance of others will be adversely affect ed in both areas the only way to achieve a victory is with a team working in harmony and on equal terms with one another. As with sport, a team may comprise multiple talents but if they don't work well together then the team will quickly fall apart.You win as a team and lose as a team. So with that, you have to learn, with your team, how fix the problem and be able to come together and win. Realistically, it is not guaranteed that you will win. Some teams go on with the worst records of not winning one game in a season. Keener explains, you learn how to get back up every time you get knocked down. With that, you will learn to thrive and compete through any recurring disappointments or setbacks. In the text, he illustrates how taking on a sport may take sacrifice.It can be transformation of your body from to fit the sport; there is a wide range of injuries, or even time away from daily activities. Sports should serve the purpose of general development, keeping the body strong and mai ntaining healthy life style. Keener noted that sports help the child keep up a healthy lifestyle. He notes that with athletes competing at a competitive level can lead to positive psychosocial, developmental and health benefits for girls. Research shows that sport participation and positive self-perceptions and also better success rates in the classrooms.Lastly, Keener takes a different approach by explaining how participating in sports gives athletes the ability to develop tight and lasting friendships. This is an experience that usually leaves them with lasting life long memories. There are some positive social benefits to sports participation that are easily overlooked by many. Keener tried to connect on a very person and emotional level. In high school, everyone wants a friend. Everyone wants to feel accepted or have that sense of belonging to something.Some kids may not have that sense of family at home, so they may Join a sport to fill in where their home life is lacking. Afte r reading the editorial, I still have the same feelings toward the topic. I absolutely agree with everything Keener had to say. Although some may say that there are some character traits that only parents can instill in their children. But there is something special to a child about having howing those skills off through some type of medium. Overall, Keener was very successful in his editorial. He clearly stated his argument and his claim.He factually and emotionally connected to different types of audiences, mostly athletes, future athletes and parents of athletes. What made it so successful was how he proved his claim through facts and thoughts, and also connecting with the right audience. It all made sense. He was able to connect with actual athletes and parents of athletes. He challenges the child to strive to be a better athlete by adhering to the life lessons learned. He also challenges the parents to challenge their child by encouraging them to get involved with a team.Keener touched upon different aspects ofa child's life that later on down the road requires usage of those skills they learned. Kids may never use their physical talents or skills again after high school or college, but one thing they will use is their leadership skills, teamwork and perseverance. Those are fundamental keys to being successful in the real world and work force.

Texts by Peter Skrzynecki

People's perceptions of belonging vary according to the way they see themselves and their world. Individuals feelings of alienation and belonging is perceived by the way they see themselves and their world. As individuals become accepted within their new world, their surrounding forge acceptance, thus alienation becomes less apparent. Individuals foundation of belonging from alienation through the way they see themselves within their world is conveyed within â€Å"The Blind Side†, and â€Å"Felicks Skrzynecki† by Peter Skrzynecki.Within these two texts individuals similarly generate a sense of belonging in despite of cultural differences thus overcoming their struggles to gain a perception of acceptance within their world. Whereas â€Å"10 Mary Street† by Peter Skrzynecki portrays his perception of himself as belonging to his world and within his home. Individuals perceptions of one's self worth within their world effects their sense of belonging. The Blind Sideà ¢â‚¬  is a powerful projection of cultural injustice and the misperceptions of cultural identity that shape an individuals sense of belonging, Michael does not belong within his community. The long shot of Michael sitting in the stands alone projects Michaels isolation from the remainder of his population. This broad shot generates an image which makes Michael seem miniscule within his world and thus his perception of his self worth is conveyed with negative impressions, Michael has no sense of belonging as he sits abounded, alone in a shot which over shadows him. I look and I see white everywhere. White walls, white floors and a lot of white people. † As Michael is being brought into Leanne's family through this dialogue it is conveyed that it is a difficult transition, Michael see's his race as a barrier between the acceptance of his new world, which highlights the void between the rich white population and the less fortunate culture which Michael was born into- Michael doe sn't perceive himself to belong.Through plot development alienation becomes less apparent and Michael is adopted within new culture that he becomes apart of, Michael belongs to his new world. Leigh Anne asked Michael â€Å"You're gonna take care of me right? †, and Michael responds â€Å"I got your back† this conversation highlights the strong bond that has formed between these two individuals, and thus in juxtaposition to the first shot Michael is no longer alone. Leigh Anne is reliant on Michael who has changed her life in a positive way thus Michael's self worth has increased.As Michael is accepted within Leigh Annes family a strong bond is formed within his world. Through his increased self worth Michael feels a sense of belonging brought in spite of his alienation. Through the alienation of cultural barriers individuals sought for other means of belonging. â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† explores the hardships of cultural barriers and how these can create alienati on in the failure to belong within his world, similar to Michaels alienation within his world. â€Å"Did your father ever attempt to learn English? , this cruel accusation depicts Australia's unforgiving nature for foreigners failure to adapt to a certain culture. The incapability of Peter's â€Å"gentle father† to change himself to belong to his new world leads to a sense of alienation and an exploration for other means of belonging. Peter writes his father â€Å"Loved his garden like an only child†, and â€Å"He swept its path ten times around the world†, projecting a strong connection that his father has a place that he belongs and is accepted.The symbol that the garden is his child conveys the strong connection that the man and garden have with each other; a child is dependent on its parent to survive and thus this becomes a metaphor for Feliks and the garden- the garden needs Feliks to stay healthy and thus a strong sense of belonging to each other. Feliks continuous sweeping of the path creates a sense of routine which demonstrates a sense of belonging as well as routine the use of a hyperbole emphasizes the amount of time spent in his garden reinforcing the strong sense of belonging experienced by his father.From alienation further means of belonging are sought for as seen through the importance placed on his fathers cultural connective friends to reminisce upon the past, Felicks belongs to the past and places significant importance upon his homeland; where they all feel a greater sense of belonging, â€Å"Talking, they reminisced about farms where paddocks flowered with corn and wheat, horses they bred†. Another connection which generates his fathers sense of belonging is the changing from a farm to a garden where he has always tended to nature and thus this is a place familiarity; a place he feels he belongs.Thus Peter's â€Å"gentle father† is alienated within the Australian culture but has sought for other means o f belonging within himself and his cultural identity, forging happiness and acceptance. Therefore Felicks perception of his own happiness and surrounding have generated a sense of belonging for himself within his garden. Belonging is achieved through an individuals security and belonging to a place as seen within Peter Skryznecki, â€Å"10 Mary Street†. The employment of a personal voice emphasises a sense of authenticity which allows for the theme of belonging to magnified.Skrzynecki's use of first person allows the reader to forge a relationship with the persona thus the composers themes are conveyed with an extension of a sentimental bond. Peter's individual perception that he belongs to his home as well as his parents despite being a migrant disallows for alienation and displays a perception of personal security within his home. â€Å"For nineteen years we departed each morning† like in â€Å"Feliks Skryznecki† a sense of routine provides an impression of a sense of belonging thus bonding the migrants to their new world.Peter presents himself to belong within his world through the perception that he is apart of his home and has been for nineteen years. â€Å"We lived together†¦ With photographs and letters†, â€Å"We became citizens of the soil that was feeding us† Peter uses this metaphor and evaluative comment to acknowledged his heritage but also the link to his new home both providing him with a sense of belonging. Through the individuals perception of security to his home for years a sense of belonging is achieved within his world through his family and home.

Grapes of Wrath3 essays

Grapes of Wrath3 essays In the story, The Grapes of Wrath, by John Steinback, there are many examples of togetherness and guidance. There is a small amount of individualism in the story, but there is more acts of kindness and warmth, than any displays of independence. The Joad family acts as a whole unit instead of many individuals. They help and assist others in need, even though they are in need as well. They would rather suffer themselves than for someone else to undergo suffering and endless pain. They would give up anything they have for someone to be happy and at peace. The Joad family is very loving, helpful, and does not show any signs of selfishness or greed. While the Joad family is on their journey to the west, they do not have much food or money, but they still did anything to help others out. For example, one day they saw another family on the side of the road and stopped to help them. They ended up taking the family and making an even larger family unit by combining the families. Each member associated and talked to one other, which made the time they were all together pleasant and helpful. They all used each other's knowledge to help them along with their journey. Even though both families had never met during their life, they came together and helped each other out in times of need. Another genuine characteristic of the Joad family, is their sense of putting themselves in danger before others. A family member would rather be hurt or in danger themselves, than for their loved ones to be in trouble. An example of this trait is when Ma rebels once Tom and Casy said they'd stay and let the family go on. She said that if she went, then they would have to beat her to go, because she was not going to let the family split apart. This shows her great concern for the family to stay together and how she will inflict pain upon herself in order for happiness. Throughout the journey, they find out they do not have enough money or food ...

6 Bad Work Habits That Are Ruining Your Career

6 Bad Work Habits That Are Ruining Your Career Whether you’re just starting out or trying to revitalize your career, it’s always important to do a lifestyle and attitude check up to make sure you’re not subconsciously sabotaging yourself. Here are 6 bad work habits that you should change if you want to find a path to success.1. RuthlessnessSure, the road to success is littered with ruthless, bloody-minded mercenaries who have tunnel vision- and damn everything and everybody else. But the business world also requires you to be a good team member and collaborator. Try to keep in mind that your success does not need to exclude anyone else’s success, and work together with your coworkers- rather than against.2. ComplainingThis is a waste of your time and energy. For every time you’re tempted to complain, try instead to think of a possible solution, or to channel your energy into something productive and constructive.3. GossipIf you’re a big mouth, spreading gossip or telling insider secrets, or worse- spreading mistruths- then you’re not going to go far. If people feel you can’t be trusted, you won’t ever gain the trust and confidence you’ll need to get to the top.4. DrinkingA drink or two can be a great ice breaker, but you’ll want to be careful not to overindulge. It can impair your function, burden your workweek with hangovers, and cause you to do things you might regret. Keep a hold on yourself socially so as not to lose a grip on yourself professionally.5. ArroganceConfidence in your abilities is one thing. Drive is another thing. Arrogance is just unnecessary. Try not to antagonize anyone with your self opinion on your way up the ladder. A little humility can go a long way.6. LazinessYou have to work hard to succeed. Employers and coworkers can always tell when someone isn’t pulling their weight. Next time you’re tempted to hang back and let others do the work, remember how important it is to pull your own weight an d to give it your all. If you don’t, you’ll never truly succeed.

Human Resource Management 323 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management 323 - Essay Example In Canada, worker’s compensation system can be regarded as the first social program which was incorporated so as to favor employers and worker’s group in order to avoid any form of lawsuits. The system was majorly introduced in the state after an inquiry conducted by William Meredith who was Ontario’s Chief Justice. He even outlined a system on basis of which workers would be compensated for injuries occurring at the workplace but for this privilege workers need to give up their basic right linked with suing their respective employers. This was majorly done so that strong bond can be established between workers and employers and even to enable the required compensation to employees. It can even be stated that state began regulating compensation system of employees since the rate of workplace injuries and accidents were growing at a phenomenal speed. This form of system is a provincial responsibility and hence it varies from one region to another. There are even c ertain places where the principle introduced by Ontario was even termed as Workplace Safety and Insurance Board and this program possessed preventive role ensuring that there is safety in the workplace. These laws were established in 20th century and the major reason behind this was to cope up with social and economic costs associated with industrial accidents. During 19th century, industrial accidents were a major problem and it was handled mainly by the courts. The legal doctrine which was introduced proved to be highly biased in context of employees. This system though resulted into wins of employees who were severely injured but in maximum situation they proved to be unsatisfactory. The reason behind this was ultimately compensation received by employees and their family was relatively less. It can even be stated that regulation imposed by the state in the 20th century was to majorly eliminate any form of injustice done by employers in

Witchcraft Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Witchcraft - Term Paper Example Witchcraft as is evident from its name is related to witches who are interested in making use of supernatural powers for their purposes. Witches gain knowledge of witchcraft in order to practice it. People relate witchcraft with devil forces while different religions have contrasting views about witchcraft and witches. This paper analyzes witchcraft, its different forms, its practice, people involved and the similarities and differences present between different forms of witchcraft. Witchcraft as seen historically was not always devilish or evil as many people benefited by this craft. Witches were also famous for restoring people back to health, which can be regarded as an advantageous feature associated with witches (Moore and Sanders, 2001). Witches also facilitated people with their wisdom and knowledge by giving them solutions for their problems. Although the image of witches as evil and demonic is much more reputed as compared to their good image. Witches exist in different form s due to which, their delivered witchcraft is also different. Pocs categorizes witches into three categories which are magical witches, social witches and supernatural witches (1999). The witches who helped people through different ways were termed as magical witches or sorcerers as they healed people from their physical problems, worked as midwives and fortune-tellers (Pocs, 1999). Social witches were those witches who used to curse people and cause troubles for them for their disapproving actions and supernatural witches were those who made use of supernatural powers for disturbing people and worked as demons. Supernatural witches also connected the natural world with the supernatural world. (Pocs, 1999) In different religions, witchcraft is regarded differently. Islam categorizes witchcraft as devilish and mischievous and all the practices associated to witchcraft or any such category, are regarded as anti-Islamic. Similarly, Christianity also regards witchcraft as an anti-religi ous activity and condemns it profoundly. In both the religions, witchcraft is looked upon as heretic by its scholars. The people following the mentioned religions get frightened by knowing about witchcraft and associated people and try to annihilate it. It is believed that witches get united with malevolent forces and work against the religious people and the religion as a whole to injure it due to which, witches and witchcraft are completed rebuffed in both the religions (Thomas, 1997). After knowing about witches or accused people practicing witchcraft, a major number of killings have come on the forefront historically describing the unapproved status of witchcraft in Islam and Christianity. In Christianity, witches are regarded as supporters of satanic deeds. Any work that is performed under the title of witchcraft is regarded as an anti-Christian work. Satan is thought to be working against Jesus due to which, any involvement in satanic works is again regarded as anti-Jesus (Tho mas, 1997). Christians because of their faith in Jesus and God pay attention to witchcraft as an activity that is against their religion. Like the followers of Christian religion, Jews, the followers of the religion of Jewish faith also regard witchcraft as an anti-religious activity. Such practices are linked with worshipping of gods and deities, which is a transgression from Jewish religion. To practice magic in Jewish religion is a crime as it relates to the rejection of the religion as a whole. According to the Judaism religion, witches should be punished and brought to death for their practicing the magic (Thomas, 1997). To learn about witchcraft

Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Deutsche Allgemeinversicherung - Case Study Example It finds out the accuracy rate of the company’s performance while measuring the quality of its processes (Doty, 1996). It helps the managers to understand the level of productivity in each department and operate those processes at full potential. It is beneficial to DAV because it will identify the quality of the forms filled by the customers and inserted by an employee. It would then help the company in monitoring and controlling the processes (Harvard Business School, 2009). Challenges and limitations in applying SPC (Services to manufacturing) More often the use of the statistical process control tool is used in the manufacturing industry, but its use in the service industry can be rather challenging because of the intangible product (Trip, Does, & Roes, 1999). Humans are the only source that could be referred to while using offering services. So, measuring the people is the biggest challenge in the SPC because the company has to find out the errors that an employee is comm itting instead of a machine which is used in the manufacturing industry. It makes it impossible for companies to consider the factors while measuring their performance. ... There was a conflict in judging the quality of the form as right or wrong. Senior managers suggested that forms should not be considered as wrong if critical information is missing. 2. Better teams do more sampling: There was an issue with some groups that had to increase the sample size which was becoming a burden for some other groups. One group claimed that they had the best accuracy rate of 98% but still they had to increase the sample size (Harvard Business School, 1997). 3. Measuring Lawyers: The lawyers that were working in the legal department had problems regarding measuring the legal work of the customer form. They could not decide between a good form and a bad one even while measuring on the scale (Harvard Business School, 1997). 4. Automatic Charting: There was an issue that the group wanted to measure the quality automatically and should develop and IT system that would monitor these forms. They claimed that this method would save them a lot of time and will make the com pany productive (Harvard Business School, 1997). 5. On the Prowl: The associates were beginning to feel hesitant in providing the accurate results to the senior managers because of their reactions when they find out about the low accuracy rate. They were thinking to work on measuring another type of work which would yield better results to make their senior managers happy. Why problems are occurring and how they can be resolved The solutions and recommendations for the problems are underlined below: Better Teams do more sampling As the quality improvement was being tested in 15 different departments of the company each group from those departments showed interest. But as the quality improvement program continued, it created a lack of interest. So the company should try to

Relationship between Employees, Employer and Representatives

Relationship between Employees, Employer and Representatives Introduction What is meant exactly by employee relations? What has changed since the Industrial Revolution? Salaman (2000) defines employee relations as a reflection of the development of more diverse employment patterns, the growth of high tech and commercial sectors, reduced levels of unionisation and use of management strategies aimed at individualising the employment relationship, in other terms it is the new management of all the variables which influence the work namely the management style, the level of employees motivation, the work environment, job satisfaction, the objectives of the company etc. We can differentiate three phases in the evolution of employee relations since the end of the Second World War, the third one being the partnership approach. Until 1979 (date of the election of the Conservative Party), work relations were based on collective bargaining and collective agreement aiming to determine and regulate, in varying degrees, the terms on which individuals will be employed (Flanders, 1968), with a strong voluntarism encouraged massively and informally. The trade unions (basically, it is an association of wage earners, totally independent of employers pressure, who struggle to improve work conditions) had a lot of power and everything was negotiated through deals. In fact, a Trade Union, through collective bargaining can force employers to deal with labour as a collective identity, rather than isolated individuals, and so, secure better the terms and condition of employment (Webb Webb, 1920). However, when the conservative party was elected in 1979, everything changed. The new government introduced a lot measures to limit the role of trade unions. In addition, it introduced an enterprise culture in which individuals and organisations, rather than government, were to be held responsible for economic performance. Thus, as well as rejecting the maintenance of full employment as a major policy objective, they in effect abandoned the commitment of their predecessors to voluntary collective bargaining as the most effective method of determining pay and conditions. Then, there was a total break with the old work patterns but an explanation of this will be the economical context. In fact, after the war, there was a period of reconstruction that engendered a lot of work; manufacturing was the backbone of the economy, it was a period of full employment. After that, there was a wave of privatisation, many companies became multinationals, and there was an internationalisation of business. The aim of the study will be to analyse and evaluate the new approach to the management of employee relations. Firstly, the author will define and explore what the partnership approach is. Then, the study will continue by examining the advantages and the disadvantages of this approach to each stakeholder (employees, employers and Trade Unions). Finally, an evaluation of the prospects for success of the partnership approach and an expression of a critical comparison with the previous ones will be highlighted. The Employment Relation (ER) Employment relationship is an economical exchange of labour capacity in return for the production of goods and services. It is very important to understand the implications of all the aspects of employment relations. High levels of collaboration between the workforce and management are likely to be consistent with greater reliability of production and quality of output, which in turn would bolster the organizations market position. Thus, employment relation is one of the most significant areas that need to be invested (Rollinson, 1993). Salaman (2000) defines employment relations as a reflection of the development of more diverse employment patterns, the growth of high tech and commercial sectors, reduced levels of unionisation and use of management strategies aimed at individualising the employment relationship, in other terms it is the new management of all the variables which influence the work namely the management style, the level of employees motivation, the work environment, job satisfaction, the objectives of the company etc. The state (all levels of government) plays a crucial role in employment relations, both directly and indirectly. The roles undertaken by governments may be categorised into five components including maintaining protective standards; establishing rules for the interaction between the parties; ensuring that the results of such interaction were consistent with the apparent needs of economy; providing services for labour and management such as advice, conciliation, arbitration and training; and as a major employer. The management of the ER system in Britain Britain is a country of Western Europe comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Until July 2003, the British population is 60,094,648. At the height of its power in the 19th century it ruled an empire that spanned the globe (Stewart, 2005: 23-25). It is the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century, played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. The first half of the 20th century saw the Britains strength seriously depleted in two World Wars. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the Britain rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. It is also a leading trading power and financial centre, is one of the quartets of trillion dollar economies of Western Europe. The British industrial relations system has a long history and has undergone much change in recent years. There are three phases in the evolution of employee relations since the end of the World War II, the third one being the partnership approach. Until 1979 (date of the election of the Conservative Party), work relations were based on collective bargaining and collective agreement aiming to determine and regulate, in varying degrees, the terms on which individuals will be employed (Flanders, 1968), with a strong voluntarism encouraged massively and informally. The partnership approach What is it? The use of this term is a relatively recent political phenomenon. Some people affirm that it is just a term used by the Government to attract popular support because nobody can be against Partnership (Knell, 1999). Some others, more optimistic, see in this term a new pluralist approach to industrial relations. This concept comes from the idea that enterprises should recognise the interests of each stakeholder, namely employees, employers and their representatives, in order to satisfy each party. The aim of this approach is to find a common interest of management and labour, through trust and mutual involvement, instilling a sense of belonging and involvement. The Involvement and Participation Association (IPA, 1992) identifies six key principles: A shared commitment to the success of enterprise, including support for flexibility and the replacement of adversarial relations. A recognition that interests of the partners may legitimately differ. Employment security, including measures to improve the employability of staff as well as limit the use of compulsory redundancy. A focus on the quality of working life. A commitment to transparency, including a real sharing of hard, unvarnished information, an openness to discussing plans for the future, genuine consultation and preparedness to listen to the business case for alternative strategies. Adding value the hallmark of an effective partnership is that it taps into sources of commitment and / or resources that were not accessed by previous arrangement. For the New Labour government, partnership at work becomes an important objective. B. Its dimensions 1. Who are the partners? The partnership is between individual employer and individual employee and their representatives but the latter partner is weak in the new work relation. The partnership approach is more focused on individual relationships than a collective one, like in the past. Indeed, New Labour insists on individual choice. For them, it is not an obligation to integrate a working union. It emphasises that individuals are the best judges of their own individual interests. That is to say that the individual has the choice of whether or not to join a trade union and whether or not to take part in the coverage by collective agreement. It might mean the new government is not really in favour of the trade unions. In fact, some people think that a trade union would be an enemy of the partnership approach in the sense that trade unions defend the workers interests and they always have a confrontational relationship with the employers. Then, how can a partnership be formed if one of the partners does not make an effort to find a common agreement? In this way, the trade unions role has to be redefined. They have to play a co-operative role with employers in order to find some common interests which satisfy both the employees and the employers. The psychological contract The psychological contract is the basis of a partnership approach. It is the link between employers and employees. It establishes the expectations, aspirations and understandings which they have of each other (Herriot, 1998). The author has noticed that the psychological contract has changed since the last few years because of the changes of the work environment (change in workforce structure, re-engineering, downsizing.). The old psychological contract was based on security and predictability, now it is more situational and short term and assumes that each party is much less dependent on the other for survival and growth. According to Hiltrop (1995), the new contract can be defined as follows: There is no job security, the employee will be employed as long as he/she adds value to the organisation, and is personally responsible for finding new ways to add value. In return, the employee has the right to demand interesting and important work, has the freedom and resources to perform it well, receives, pay that reflects his or her contributions and get experience and training needed to be employable here or elsewhere. The psychological contract has to be strong and truthful to allow a partnership relation The voluntary aspect of the partnership New Labour insists on the voluntary aspect of the new work relation. The partnership should be introduced through cultural changes which will lead to more positive relationships between employers and employees than the letter of the law can ever achieve. That is to say that the law itself can not resolve the problem of employee relations, some cultural changes have to emerge first. Employers and employees have to make some effort to improve the work relationship. The advantages and the disadvantages of the partnership approach: A. For the employees 1. Advantages With the partnership approach, employees benefit from a Family atmosphere with friendly policies. For example, they benefit from new working arrangements which allow a greater flexibility. There is a harmonisation of working conditions, policies and procedures for all employees under training. The partnership approach introduces a new pay structure: pay is monthly through credit transfer, and the traditional annual pay is replaced by an objective formula. Moreover, a reduction of the working week for manual and craft employees can be observed. 2. Disadvantages However, the partnership approach introduces the notion of the individual worker. In this way, trade unions are less useful in the employer/employee relationship and lose their power. Then, the employee is in a weaker position than his/her employer (a caution has to be noticed because, trade unions have a right to accompany their members during the disciplinary or grievance interview). B. For the employers 1. Advantages Firstly, the partnership gives a good reputation to the enterprise which applies it. Moreover, it allows a greater stability of employment because employer talks to employee and establishes some rights and some obligations that each party has to respect (limit the turnover, strikes and so on). The relationship between both is more respectful and equal. Furthermore, the partnership allows a greater openness over the enterprise. Through it, the employers know what is wrong with the employees and try to find how they can fix it. The work atmosphere is more friendly and truthful. The partnership approach is, as well, a need for a change in approach to the trade unions. To date, the relation between employers and trade unions is based on confrontation. This new approach gives a secondary role to the trade unions and privileges the individual employer/employee relations, which is easier to manage. Moreover, employers try to improve work conditions, in return they profit from a greater activity because workers feel good in the company. In addition they can have greater performance appraisal and a new understanding of performance management through control and feed back. 2. Disadvantages This approach demands a lot of administration and is quite constraining for a company. To fire an employee who has a poor performance for example, the employer has to give a first warning and propose a disciplinary interview in order to detect what is wrong with this employee. If nothing has changed, the employee can receive another warning, the last one, before the dismissal (or other sanctions). Sometimes, procedures take too much time and engender an economical loss. Moreover, the enterprise can lose some power in relation to its employees. Previously, employers had the economic power over employees, now this power is more shared between both because their relationship is more interdependent. C. For the trade unions 1. Advantages There is a new stake in their role as representatives. They have to prove the value of the employers to the employees and the value of the employees to the employers. Moreover, the trade unions can profit from a partnership fund in order that employers and employee representatives work together to support innovative projects to develop the partnership approach in the workplace (Lord McIntosh Lord Hansard, May 1999). 2. Disadvantages The partnership approach has more disadvantages than advantages for the trade unions. Through it, trade unions lose some power. Firstly, their recognition is limited. According to the government, the trade union has a secondary role in the employer/employee relationship. Then, their role has to be redefined in a more consultative sense; it has to focus on the information, the communication, the representation and the partnership. Their contribution to the partnership is potentially useful but far from being essential. Thus, trade unions are worried about their traditional role which is to defend the workers interests. They think that in this new approach, employee representatives will become part of the management. Moreover, according to the IPA, the partnership needs a different channel than the union one, because this model is not adequate anymore. In fact, the union presence is weak or non-existent in the majority of companies in Britain, therefore, the partnership needs a new representative structure. Evaluation and criticism of the prospects for success of the partnership approach The employment relation through the partnership approach becomes fairer. For example, union co-operation in more flexible work patterns, teamworking, the introduction of annualised hours and the harmonisation of terms and conditions of employment are all greater assets of the partnership approach. Concerning job security, the partnership approach remains limited: The job security guarantees have been identified as the hallmark of partnership approach by many of its advocates, although, they have no featured in all such agreements. In most cases, they amount to relatively limited management commitments to avoid the use of compulsory redundancy as a means of labour shedding- a fairly familiar practice in organisations that can attract sufficient candidates for early retirement and voluntary redundancy with enhanced severance payments. Moreover in some partnership agreement, trade unions and employees are required to co-operate with measures with make the avoidance of compulsory redundancy easier, including the acceptance of the companys use of subcontracted, temporary or short-term contract staff ( Taibly Winchester, 2000 and Bach Sisson,2000). Moreover, the fundamental need for a successful approach requires some cultural changes; we have to break with the old practice (industrial/adversarial ones) because we cannot access a new form of management without this. Furthermore, the partnership approach appeared in a particular political context. In fact, it was the end of the Conservative government (characterised by a policy of deregulation) and the beginning of the Labour party which developed the important idea of commitment to the partnership in the workplace. But, its aim has to be analysed very carefully because we can notice that the government refused to take part in some social policy proposals developed by the European commission. This reaction is contrary to the apparent willingness of the government to introduce fairness in work and at work. However, some surveys show that employees feel better with the partnership agreement. We can notice that job satisfaction level is greater than before (Bach Sisson, 2000) but this result has to be taken with caution if we refer to the recent strike of the Post Offices which occurred last month. Then, the question is whether the partnership approach is successful? In the historical, political and economical context, the author thinks that partnership and the willingness of each stakeholder are present. The difficulty is just trying to apply it in the best way. Britain has made a lot of effort to improve work conditions. Compared to the past, this approach is the compromise between the two previous ones. Indeed, the first one (~1945-1979) was too dominated by the trade unions. The following one was too adversarial; the employees lost all their rights. Thus, this new approach tries to satisfy both parties. Conclusion The work is not finished. If the partnership approach succeeds in satisfying the stakeholders, it needs to be improved again. Britain needs to work on other more social law proposals and take part in the European ones. However, the employment relations are governed by the variation of the market as well; hence, it is very difficult to satisfy everybody. But, the important thing is to try to do the best. Moreover, there will always be some disagreements and unfairness in work and at work; we have to be patient because it takes time to change the mind of each person.